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Richard Goldschmidt
Richard Benedict Goldschmidt (April 12, 1878 – April 24, 1958) was a German-born American geneticist. He is considered the first to integrate genetics, development, and evolution. He pioneered understanding of reaction norms, genetic assimilation, dynamical genetics, sex determination, and heterochrony.〔Dietrich, Michael R. (2003). (Richard Goldschmidt: hopeful monsters and other 'heresies.' ) ''Nature Reviews Genetics'' 4 (Jan.): 68-74.〕 Controversially, Goldschmidt advanced a model of macroevolution through macromutations that is popularly known as the "Hopeful Monster" hypothesis.〔Gould, S. J. (1977). ("The Return of Hopeful Monsters." ) ''Natural History'' 86 (June/July): 24, 30.〕
Goldschmidt also described the nervous system of the nematode, a piece of work that later influenced Sydney Brenner to study the wiring diagram of ''Caenorhabditis elegans''〔Rodney Cotterill ''Enchanted Looms: Conscious Networks in Brains and Computers'' 2000, p. 185〕 an achievement that later won Brenner and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in 2002.
==Childhood and education==
Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany to upper-middle class parents of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. He had a classical education and entered the University of Heidelberg in 1896, where he became interested in natural history. From 1899 Goldschmidt studied anatomy and zoology at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli and Carl Gegenbaur. He received his Ph.D. under Bütschli in 1902, studying development of the trematode ''Polystomum''.〔
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